The psychological context
that aftovasanismos Considered as a form of diversion or relief of emotional energy and the spontaneous reaction of social or religious groups against the power structure of political regimes, kalista could serve as a deliberate or conscious intent of mitigating the spontaneous rebellion against an oppressive social environment such as modern. The aftovasanismos or self-harm in terms of psychology, seen directly linked to individual apenochopoiisi and discharging the individual from guilt complexes that causes the relationship to the environment. An important piece of personal conduct in turn linked directly or indirectly to the political behavior of different social groups. In many cases, religion and politics rub shoulders at such a degree that it is difficult to decide what is the proximate cause of aftovasanistikis behavior. In short, religion and society are two interrelated phenomena, the causes of birth which should seek the researcher in the same root. That is admissible in the humanities that there can be no clear answer on whether the society was created by religion or religion born of the society. However with the introduction of Aristotelian logic, which significantly influenced the formation and evolution of Western thought in our time, considered as two distinct phenomena with what is an occasionally be involved in the other. This separation allows us to examine the phenomenon in the religious and then the social, cultural and by extension political context. Religion The timelessness of this phenomenon in the religious context could be better understood through concrete examples, drawn from the religious life past and present. Various pre-Christian religions, such as the worship (cultus) of Isis in Egypt and the cult of Dionysus in Greece, involved in the ritual system of the flogging. In ancient Rome, during the ancient festival on February 15 Louperkalion whipping women to ensure fertility. Also on March 24 celebrated the Day of Blood, based on the myth of Atti and Cybele. As early as March 15 under the acid sound of flutes that sounded throughout the city people began to beat their breasts olofyromenoi. Followed a enneaimero repentance and atonement, accompanied by a three-day mourning. At the March 24 with nerves stretched to the full by all those hours of grief and screaming, deprivation and hardship, and faithful replicas of Cybele freniasmena twirl to the sounds of wooden trumpets, cymbals and rattlesnakes. Through the rapture of the dance, immersed in catalepsy, aftomastigonontan, abused with knives arms and shoulders, to sprinkle with their blood the sacred pine and altars. In this situation frenzy was observed in extreme but not uncommon in aftoefnouchismou men. In modern times there is a similar phenomenon in Shiite Muslim Iran, the anniversary of the death of the first Imam Al-Hussein, a large religious day of mourning. Everywhere in the cities, people gather in huge processions, where chanting, dancing, beating their breasts, aftomastigonontai with chains and cut with a sword, sharp tools foreheads, shoulders and arms them. In this situation, mass hysteria and delirium thrown down some skull crushing them. Some trampled and others die of ritual fighting between different groups that gradually evolve into real battles. A similar example comes from Tennessee, USA and members of a Christian sect. After you enter a hysterical condition with mystical hymns and tapping of hands, passing from hand to hand, poisonous snakes, which very often fatal bite. At an Asian race of Bali found the sacred sword dance, during which the faithful dancing in a very hectic. Usually the intensity and pace leads to a frenzy state, thereby turning their swords against themselves. The self-punishment to Christianity 's roots in Christianity religious aftovasanismou can be detected during the Middle Ages, when cultivated the idea that the body is something of a unit and sinful, to be purified. The flesh and the desires, particularly sexual, abject treated as something that must be subjugated to the will of the spirit. Through such a conflict created a complex contract, as the body itself can not be abandoned ormemfyti nature. Feelings of guilt are pushing for acts atonement and if the source of guilt is the body, atonement comes through self-abasement, humiliation and abuse. It is well known that many cases of Christian saints who were fed only bread and water and circulated to the same garment that left them unprotected in extreme weather conditions year round, as is the case aftoefnouchismou of Origen. St. Dominic, St. Francis of Asizis, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Catherine submitted voluntarily to the torment of crucifixion. The aftovasanismos as a practical achievement of purification in the Christian faith, eventually led to the creation of an entire movement. Specifically, in Perugia in 1260 created the movement "Aftomastigoumenon" by men and women of every age and social class, which spread very rapidly throughout the Italy. Huge processions of wandering the city and the crowds aftomastignonontan back until they bleed. At the same time begging God and the Virgin to forgive their sins. Increased in number, that even the official ecclesiastical authority felt threatened, so order the movement. The conviction had no impact, as Mastigoumenoi continued to increase in number. With the spread of plague in 1350 multiplied by the movement fast enough spread to Germany, Flanders and Sweden. The 'Mastigoumenoi "disappeared in the 14th century., to appear again in Russia in the 18th century. At the same time, also appeared in Russia-sect "White Doves", which preached the practice of castration. From 1840-1858 aftoefnouchistikan voluntarily to the 2,500 men, despite allepaliles bans. In many cases the aftoefnouchismo followed women who used it as a way of female excision of the breast. The practice of self-punishment, however, is not the prerogative of the medieval concept. Even today the practice of public self-flagellation continues to exist nowadays. During Catholic Easter and particularly Good Friday to many Catholic communities is common practice of public self-flagellation. The areas where the phenomenon still exists is the Rio de Janeiro, parts of Northern Spain, Southern Italy, Mexico and New Mexico. Those participating in such ceremonies, that they thereby provide absolution, either for themselves or for related ones. Over the past decades shows exacerbation of the phenomenon in the Philippines. The most impressive thing is that after 1961, when Good Friday started out real voluntary crossings, which ultimately became a tourist attraction. Asceticism and aftovasanismos Of Early Christian times already, small Christian communities tried to live their ideals with how extreme and totally dedicated. Left the surface pleasures and entered monasteries. Obeying the Scriptures literally turned their backs on their families and, as an external driver of new life, used vows of poverty, punishment and obedience. As a sign of their contempt for the emotional guilt, beating their bodies with ropes and various other scourges like frangelio until they run blood. In an effort to achieve spiritual purity punish themselves and others. The monasteries that have embraced such strict disciplines were living monuments of the doctrine of contempt of the world (contemptus mundi). The most important thing is that gradually became centers of learning that became the underlying ethos of Western science and Western rationalism. Max Weber Max Weber in his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism) suggests that the ethos of Christian asceticism suffered a mysterious transformation, a result which has been denatured by irrationalist aftovasanismo a "systematic method of logical behavior ", whose aim was to free all those who follow the power of irrational impulses. This view fails to explain how a form of asceticism, essentially destructive and non-rational, converted to a form of rationality, which greatly influenced and even political thought. This question can be answered only if we recognize that the natural Christian ethic that Weber calls "absurd aftovasanismo" and intellectual trend that was cultivated by the older monastic orders of the West had its own logic and eventually followed the same psychological pattern. When aftomastigonontan Christians did so in order to achieve purity. The objective of punishment was to chastity. The fantasies that are experienced practitioners of Christianity and the zealots of the Islamic world that was causing pain and sores on their bodies, perhaps managed to destroy the impure substance from which were made even though it was ultimately the ultimate contempt for the act of human creation by the God who looked anxious. The monastic idealization of reason had a similar origin. One of the traditional religious functions of logic, from Augustine onwards, was to be punished and lust, in creating a state of rational purity of the soul to come closer to the Christian God. The mental discipline was that of physical discipline and tried to discard the dirt of the body by suppressing emotions, appetites and irrational impulses. The purpose of such a rationalistic asceticism served as "destruction of spontaneous and momentary pleasure." In this new form of religious rationalism, empirical truth was rejected for the sake of transcendence and purity was the criterion of knowledge and intellectual achievement. From all these aspects mentioned above it is obvious that the spread of rationalism imposed asceticism in the great monasteries of medieval Europe strengthened in this form of sociopolitical movement of Puritanism, which was adopted by Protestants after the Reformation. The strictest type of Christian who is possessed by the compulsion of obedience literally the wording of religious law, practice above all encouraged by the spirit of the Reformation, even the practice of denial and self-punishment in major monasteries of Europe were not enough . The imposition of this practice to a secular, politically it was and is still one of the main goals of the Puritans with similar results in education and scientific knowledge. Social, cultural and political context Apart from its religious context, the self-harm occurs and a a social, cultural and political context as a practice integration in social groups. Such ritual self-inflicted injuries or amputations coming from outside and accompanied by intelligible or hysterical phenomena, but both are the result of purely personal choice. They are more a decision of the group, which sees practice classification and effective participation by the individual. The social and cultural structures, but also shape the political and the broad or narrow-environment within which moves a person in his lifetime. With regard to the Marxist view of human labor as a means aftovasanismou, focuses the alienation of the individual from his personal toil, which normally would be an extension of himself. What is causing the estrangement and alienation from work? Principle that labor is external to the worker, ie it helps to reassure yourself of the person through hard work, but rather a denial of self. It does not feel happy, but rather unhappy. It matures physically or mentally, but rather tortures his body and ruins his mind. The worker is experiencing its existence as irrelevant to the task and work alien to himself. The work is voluntary, but limited, forced labor. Therefore, we recommend an internal drive and creative need, but performance needs foreign to himself. apoxenotikos The character becomes obvious when there is no physical or other coercion. Then the work is avoided like the plague. This alienated labor, where human beings are alienated from themselves, and are working aftoarnisis aftovasanismou. Especially when that job to the worker alienation is revealed through economic criteria, as this produces does not own, but belongs to someone else. The activity of the worker is not his business. Belongs to any employer, and is somehow losing himself. The result, therefore, is that man (the worker) is not free unless the animal functions: food, drink and play at best at home-for a large part of humanity, taken together, not only in the western world - etc. The relationship between worker and work, however, is one of the key foundations of quality of life as a political being. Converted constantly under unknown-mostly-economic interests of working in an aftovasanismou and alienation from himself, offered as a means of human resource management from commanding centers also unknown intentions
